Thursday, October 10, 2013

Simple Touch Switch

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Circuit Notes

 
The MPF102 (Q1) can be replaced with a NTE451 or ECG451, but still widely available. JFET-N-CHAN, UHF/VHF AMP
The 2N3565 (Q1/Q2) can be replace with a 2N2222(A), BC107, BC108, BC109(A/B/C), NTE123A, or ECG123A.
The TIP31 (Q3) can be replaced with a NTE196 or ECG196, but is a common type and widely available.
NO suffix.
The 'Touch Plate' can be anything non corrosive. I use a silver quarter. You can also use a small relay instead of the #53 bulb. The phone number for DigiKey is 1-800-Digi-Key.

Parts List


R1 22Meg resistor
R2 47K resistor
R3,R4 100K resistor
R5,R6,R7 2K2 resistor
C1 Capacitor, 22΅F, 25V
C2 Capacitor, 22΅F, 25V
Q1 MPF102
Q2,Q3 2N3565
Q4 TIP31
La1 Bulb, #53 



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Water level buzzer

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Specifications

 
Water Level Buzzer is a simple kit which will buzz when water reaches the sensor level.
  • Input - 9 VDC @ 40 mA
  • Output ??? Buzzer
  • Terminal pins for supply voltage
  • Power-On LED indicator
  • Four mounting holes of 3.2 mm each
  • PCB dimensions 32 mm x 35 mm

Schematic





Parts List






PCB











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Pulse generator

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Introduction

Pulse Generator kit will generate a frequency in KHz which can form a good test gear project.  This kit is based on the classic LM555 timer IC.
  • Input - 12 VDC Max @ 40 mA
  • Range - jumper selectable and preset tunable range of 1 Hz to 180 KHz
  • Power-On LED indicator
  • Terminal pins for easy connection
  • Four mounting holes of 3.2 mm each
  • PCB dimensions 40 mm x 47 mm
Description


Schematic



Components




Layout








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Digital Stopwatch 0-60sec

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Introduction
      By using the same circuit of the Digital Stopwatch 0-99sec we can add an AND gateand transform the 0 – 99sec stopwatch to a 0 – 60sec stopwatch.
                                                                We must find a way to control the RESET function of the BCD counter, which is responsible for the counting of the seconds. As we studied abovethe circuit resets when we have 99 to 100, that is 1001 1001 à 0001 0000 0000. To make a transformation successfully we must force the pulse from 59 to 60 0011 1001 à 0100 0000 on the output of the BCD counter.
     By placing the AND gate, with its inputs on the Qand Qof the BCD counter of the decades, we make sure that when the gate closes, the RST input of the BCD counter will be set to logical “1”, which on its turn, will force the circuit to start over. The transformed circuit appears in picture 2.



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Digital Stopwatch 0-99sec

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Introduction
            In the present articlewe will describe the function of a digital stopwatch, 0 – 99 secThe function of the stopwatchrelies in the use of 4 integrated circuits, which in this case belong to National Semiconductor (http://www.national.com). It is obvious that other integrated circuits can be used to achieve the same result, however in this case we have used the following parts:

Α. 1 x CD4060BM (14 stage ripple carry binary counter)
B.
 1 x CD4040BM (14 stage ripple carry binary counter)
C.
 1 x MC14518B (BCD counter)
D.
 2 x MC14511B (BCD to seven segment driver)
E.
 2 x 7 segment LED displays
The circuit that has been used is shown in picture 1. Through the experimental part we will explain each of the parts functionbut in order to have a notion of the basic idea, let just say, that this circuit besides the 5V power supply, is fed with a pulse which comes from a crystal. The crystal’s pulse is devided properly in order to obtain the 1 Hz pulse which we need in order for the circuit to work properly, and display the seconds on the 7 segment displays, through a procedure which we will explain through the experimental part.








Description
            We will begin the description of the digital circuit aboveFor our convenience we will devide the circuit to 2 partsthe generator, which produces the pulse of the desired frequency, and the part that does the actual counting.
 
Generator: The generator of the circuit comprises of the integrated circuits CD4040CM and CD4060CM. We use a crystal which oscillates at a frequency of 4,194,304MHz. It is obvious that this frequency is completely useless, as it is too big to be used as it is to our circuit. What we should is devide this frequency, in a way that in its final form, the pulse will have a frequency of 1Hz, which is the desirable frequency. Initially we use the integrated CD4060, which devides the imported frequency in its input, by forces of 2. As we can see on the integrated circuit the outputs are marked as Q4, Q5,… QnBy importing a pulse in the CLK input of the 4060, with a frequency f Hzwe take out of output Qn, a signal which has a frequency equal to f/2n,. So, by exporting the signal out of Q14, knowing that the imported
 signal has a frequency of 4,194,304Hz, we take a signal, which has a frequency of 256Hz.
   By importing this signalto 4040 and by exporting the signal through Q8 we have finally taken an inverted signal, at the frequency of 1Hz. The fact that the signal is inverted, firstly doesn’t affect the proper function of our circuit and secondly is due to the inversion of the CLK input as we can see. This inversion just causesthe following circuit to be triggered with a logical “0”. By putting a LED on the same output, we have a visual of the counting, as in each positive pulse the diode polarizes positively, and a current passes through it.

 
Counter: The signal of 1Hz, which we have taken from the generator, is imported to a BCD counter MC14518. This integrated circuit adds a logical “1” at each pulse, on its output.του. .The MC14518 is virtually divided into two segment. One counts the units of the secondswhile theother the decadesAs we can see in picture 1, the generators pulse is imported to the part which counts the units. This is very logicalas we want in each secont the number of the display to be raised by 1. On the other hand, we want the first display to raise by 1, every 10 seconds. This is whywe ground the CLK inputand we use the signal of Q3 to the CKE input.
 By using this means, we make sure that the first display will be triggered, only when we have a decreasing signal on Q3; that is, only when the signal drops from logical “1” to logical “0”. As we can see, the first display increments every 10 seconds, which means that after 9 on the second display (1001 on the output of the BCD counter) the first display must be set to zero, while the first must be set to +1. That is that from 1001 à 0000, and we have a descending pulse, as the last digit descends from logical “1” to logical “0” and triggers the BCD counter of the decades. When the decades display becomes 9 then the circuit goes to the next state, which is zero, and the counting begins once more.
         
 The integrated circuits MC14511 are BCD to 7 segment drivers. As its name clearly state, their sole purpose is to translate the BCD information of MC14518, to a code understandable by the 7 segment displays. The inputs 
 (Lamp TestBlanking) are used to test the LEDs of the display and pulse modulate the brightness of the display. In this case we these inputs to logical “0”, as we don’t need them. The LE input (Latch Enable) is used to keep the number of the displays while the pulse still runs. It is a HOLD function similar to the one of the modern stopwatches.
            In addition, at any given moment we can restart the counting, by pressing the reset switch. By this means we set the RST input of the MC14518 to logical “1”, which resets the counting to 0000.

Portable Audio Amplifier

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Description


Stereo per channel
VCC=9V;RL=4?/3W
VCC=9V;RL=8?/2W

Bridge Application
VCC=9V;RL=8?/5W
VCC=9V;RL=4?/8W

Supply Voltage min = DC3v @ 500mA
Supply Voltage max = DC12v @ 500mA
Supply Voltage recommended = DC9v @500mA

DESCRIPTION
Above circuits are based on TEA2025 is a monolithic integrated audio amplifier in a 16-pin plastic dual in line package manufactured by UTC .Circuit has an Internal Thermal Protector. It is designed for portable cassette players and radios. You can also use it as your PC Audio Amplifier. A few external components required to build this circuit. Use 9v transformer to play the circuit. But not more than DC12v. Because it can damage the amplifier IC. So build n Enjoy.



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200W Audio Amplifier

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Description


Output Power : 200Watts
Load Resistance : 8ohms
Input impedance : 55K
Maximum supply voltage : (+95v)-0-(-95v)
Recommended supply voltage : (+66v)-0-(-66v)

This complete high quality, low noise mono audio power amplifier is based around the Hybrid Integrated Circuit STK4050 manufactured by Sanyo. The circuit incorporates volume and has a maximum music output power of 200W.The circuit incorporates an on board power supply; therefore, only centre tapped transformer is required to power the circuit. I t has very good quality sound. U can use it with your Home Theatre your PC & etc... You can also use it as Subwoofer Amplifier. It is a compact package for THIN-TYPE Audio sets. Easy Heatsink design to disperse heat generated in THIN-TYPE audio sets. Constant-Current circuit to Reduce supply switch-ON and switch-OFF shock noise. External supply switch-On and switch-OFF shock noise muting, Load short-circuit protection, thermal shutdown and other circuits can be tailored-designed.


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20W Bridge Audio Amplifier

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Specifications


20W Bridge Audio Amplifier kit, based on the TDA2005 IC, a class B dual audio amplifier, specifically designed for car radio applications etc.
  • Power supply - 18 VDC
  • Output power - 20 W, 4 Ω
  • IC built in Thermal Shut-down, Load dump voltage surge protected
  • Terminal pins for connecting left and right audio signal inputs
  • Relimate Connector for connecting Potentiometer (POT) for volume adjustment
  • Power Battery Terminal (PBT) for easy power supply and speaker connection
  • Power-On LED indicator
  • Heatsink for IC
  • Four mounting holes of 3.2 mm each with nut and stud
  • PCB dimensions 63 mm x 65 mm

    Schematic






    Parts List










    PCB




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Tiny audio amplifier using LM386

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Specifications


The Tiny Audio Amplifier kit is a good choice for battery operation.  It is based on LM386 IC.
  • Power supply - 6 - 12 VDC
  • Output power - 1 W, 8 Ohm
  • The quiescent power drain is only 24 mW when operating from 6 VDC
  • Self-centering output quiescent voltage
  • Onboard PRESET to adjust volume
  • Terminal pins for connecting power supply, audio signal and speaker
  • Power-On LED indicator
  • ON/OFF PCB mounted slide switch for power supply
  • Four mounting holes of 3.2 mm each
  • PCB dimensions 44 mm x 44 mm


    Schematic





  Parts List
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Inputs - Outputs configuration



PCB







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2N3055 Power Amplifier

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Simple and low cost. The optimal supply voltage is around 50V, but this amp work from 30 to 60V. The maximal input voltage is around 0.8 - 1V. As you can see, in this design the components have a big tolerance, so you can build it almost of the components, which you find at home. The and transistors can be any NPN type power transistor, but do not use Darlington types... The output power is around 60W.

Some comments: - capacitor C1 regulates the low frequencies (bass), as the capacitance grows, the low frequncies are getting louder.
- capacitor C2 regulates the higher frequencies (treble), as the capacitance grows, the higher frequencies are getting quiter.
- this is a class B amplifier, this means, that a current must flow through the end transistors, even if there is no signal on the input. This current can be regulated with the 500Ω trimmer resistor. As this current incrases, the sound of the amplifier gets better, but the end transistors are more heating. But if this current decrases, the transistors are not heating so much, but the sound gets worse...




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